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More than road maps
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Washington Technology

09/18/06
By S. Michael Gallagher,


Standards are key for bigger geographic information systems
When it comes to government operations, nothing grabs citizens’ attention like geographic information systems. The powerful combination of maps, imagery and geographically linked data has become key to handling everything from the most mundane of tasks, such as tracking weather, crops and drought, to the urgent needs of first responders and intelligence workers monitoring homeland security threats.

The definition of GIS has expanded far beyond matching maps to data points. Increasingly, agencies are combining map information with other, real-time information and enterprise data to create new location services and applications.

The need to push timely, accurate information to people in the field is driving a new generation of GIS-enabled devices and intricate, Web-based collaboration tools that incorporate geospatial data.

Building or incorporating GIS applications into an agency’s IT infrastructure, however, requires a working knowledge of the emerging standards that let data be shared with another group’s systems and a user’s own applications.

จากคุณ manequin เมื่อวันที่ 22/9/2549 10:49:04

The Google effect


The world of GIS and geospatial intelligence applications, programs that relate location data to maps or satellite imagery, has never been more accessible to government agencies thanks, in part, to commercial applications such as Google Earth.

Available as a free download or in professional and enterprise editions, Google Earth combines various location information into an orthogonal (straight-down, two-dimensional) view or a three-dimensional view.

Although Google Earth isn’t GIS, it and its sibling, Google Maps, are quickly becoming a standard for location-based Web applications. In August, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency recognized Google for its contribution to relief efforts during Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath. Many private and public agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, used the company’s imaging and mapping technologies to track the storm, monitor relief operations and dispatch aid.

Another use of geospatial data is emerging on mobile phones in Japan: point-and-click geographic search tools based on a compass and a Global Positioning System integral to the phone. The technology, developed by GeoVector Corp. of San Francisco, is available on commercial handsets from Sony Ericsson, and uses a mix of terrestrial radio signals and GPS to fix a user’s location within 30 feet, even among tall buildings where satellite signals might be blocked.

“The broad stroke of GeoVector is connecting people with the world around them,” said Peter Ellenby, director of new media at GeoVector. “It could be extremely helpful for many types of homeland security applications.”

Because the technology runs on readily available devices, Ellenby said, government agencies could distribute handsets to first responders and offer the application over a private cellular network. By pointing a handset at a building, or even a manhole cover, first responders could access information about the item and its surroundings.

จากคุณ manequin เมื่อวันที่ 22/9/2549 10:50:14 x

Geographic information systems


When developing a geographic information system, standards are the biggest concern. Because GIS technology is expanding to encompass a wider variety of data sets, the solution must integrate all the information that the customer plans to use. Here’s what to ask for in a standards-compliant GIS:

» Does it use an OpenGIS-compliant data store? Many database vendors and open-source database projects support OpenGIS-compliant spatial data and varying levels of geospatial query functionality. Being able to connect to a database platform for which there are already licenses can cut costs and aid integration with other applications.

» Does it support GML? The OpenGIS Geography Markup Language, a key part of the Federal Geographic Data Committee’s framework for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, simplifies the exchange of shared information sets and the building of Web-based geospatial applications.

» Can it import schemas through Unified Modeling Language? The Federal Geographic Data Committee’s seven framework themes are constructed in Unified Modeling Language, so support is needed to bring in UML schemas.

» Does it have Spatial Data Transfer Standard support through Part 7 of the standard? The standard is critical for moving data from one GIS to another or to import data from computer-aided design and drafting systems, raster images and geographic-point data from surveys and other high-precision geodetic data.

» Does it comply with the Cadastral Data Content Standard? The Cadastral Data Content Standard allows integration of public land records with GIS data. It standardizes data and objects, including survey measurements, general property descriptions, and boundary and corner data for land parcels. This applies to any GIS covering geography in the United States and its territories.

» Does the GIS incorporate methods based on the National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy? For data such as digital ortho-imagery (straight-down, two-dimensional aerial or satellite imagery) and elevation data to integrate with the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, it needs to comply with the National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy. Ask about pass-fail criteria for GIS products based on acceptable levels of accuracy in each application.

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